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Considering the widespread actions of the pineal hormone melatonin in vertebrate organisms, it is remarkable that so few biomedical scientists took the pineal gland seriously until only recently. When melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in 1958, Lerner and colleagues (1) hoped that it would be a treatment for irregular skin pigmentation that occurs in humans with certain diseases. This action of melatonin in humans has proven unproductive although in non-mammalian vertebrates an association of melatonin with dermal melanophores is well documented (2).
Within a decade of its discovery, melatonin had been shown to be functionally related to neuroendocrine physiology, with the most obvious link being its control of reproductive physiology in photoperiodic rodents (3). By 1972, a scheme defining the role of the pineal gland, seasonally changing photoperiods and annual fluctuations in reproductive competence had been presented (4). These studies were the basis of later tests on the contraceptive potential
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